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Notes and Sources for "The Science Behind the Chocolate"

1 Kenny, T.P., C.L. Keen, H.H. Schmitz, and M.E. Gershwin, Immune Affects of Cocoa Procyanidin Oligomers on Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2007. 232: p. 293-300.

2 Taubert D, et al. Effects of Low Habitual Cocoa Intake on Blood Pressure and Bioactive Nitric Oxide A Randomized Controlled Trial. JAMA. 2007: 298: 49-60

3 Taubert D., R. Roesen, E. Schömig. Effect of cocoa and tea intake on blood pressure: a meta analysis. Arch Intern Med. 2007;167(7):626-34.

4 Grassi D.et al. Cocoa reduces blood pressure and insulin resistance and improves endothelium-dependent vasodilation in hypertensives.
Hypertension. 2005;46(2):398-405.

5 Grassi D. et al. Short-term administration of dark chocolate is followed by a significant increase in insulin sensitivity and a decrease in blood pressure in healthy persons. Am J Clin Nutr. 2005;81(3):611-4.. 2005;46(2):398-405.

6 Taubert D. et al. Chocolate and blood pressure in elderly individuals with isolated systolic hypertension. JAMA. 2003; 290(8):1029-30. 2005;46(2):398-405.

7 Rein D, Paglieroni TG, Wun T, Pearson DA, Schmitz HH, Gosselin R, Keen CL. Cocoa inhibits platelet activation and function. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2000; 72:30-35.

8 Holt RR, Schramm DD, Keen CL, Lazarus SA, Schmitz HH. Chocolate consumption and platelet function. Journal of the American Medical Association. 2002;287:2212-2213.

9 Murphy KJ, Chronopoulos AK, Singh I, Francis MA, Moriarty H, Pike MJ, Turner AH, Mann NJ, Sinclair AJ. Dietary flavanols and procyanidin oligomers from cocoa (Theobroma cacao) inhibit platelet function. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2003; 77:1466-1473.

10 Heptinstall S, May J, Fox S, Kwik-Uribe C, Zhao L. Cocoa flavanols and platelet and leukocyte function: recent in vitro and ex vivo studies in healthy adults. Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology. 2006;47:S197-S205.

11 Hertog, M.G. et al. Dietary antioxidant flavonoids and risk of coronary heart disease: the Zutphen Elderly Study. Lancet. 1993; 23: 342(8878):1007-11

12 Fisher, N.D.L, Hollenberg, N.H.K. Flavanols for cardiovascular health: the science behind the sweetness. J Hypertension. 2005; 23: 1453-1459.

13 Buijsse, B. et al. Cocoa Intake, blood pressure and cardiovascular mortality: the Zutphen Elderly Study. Arch Intern Med. 2006; 166:411-417.

14 Mink, P.J. et al. Flavonoid intake and cardiovascular disease mortality: a prospective study in postmenopausal women. Am J Clin Nutr 2007; 85:895-909

15 Heiss C, Dejam A, Kleinbongard T, Schewe T, Sies H. Kelm M. Vascular effects of cocoa rich in flavanols. Journal of the American Medical Association. 2003;290:1030-1031.

16 Selmi, C., T.K. Mao, C.L. Keen, H.H. Schmitz, and M. Eric Gershwin, The Anti-inflammatory Properties of Cocoa Flavanols. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol, 2006. 47 Suppl 2: p. S163-S171.

17 Demaria AN, Ben-Yehuda O, Berman D, Feld GK, Ginsberg J, Greenberg BH, Lew WY, Sahn D, Tsimikas S. Highlights of the Year in JACC 2005. Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 2006; 47:184-202.

18 Heiss C, Kleinbongard P, Dejam A, Perre S, Schroeter H, Sies H, Kelm M. Acute consumption of flavanol-rich cocoa and the reversal of endothelial dysfunction in smokers. Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 2005;46:1276-1283.

19 Schroeter H, Heiss C, Balzer J, Kleinbongard P, Keen CL, Hollenberg NK, Sies H, Kwik-Uribe C., Schmitz HH, Kelm M. (-)Epicatechin mediates beneficial effects of flavanol-rich cocoa on vascular function in humans. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2006; 108:1024-1029.

20 Fisher ND, Hughes M, Gerhard-Herman M, Hollenberg NK, Flavanol-rich cocoa induces nitric-oxide-dependent vasodilation in healthy humans. Journal of Hypertension. 2003; 21: 2281-6.

21 Heiss C, Finis D, Kleinbongard P, Hoffman A, Rassaf T, Kelm M, Sies H. Sustained increase in flow-mediated dilation after daily intake of high-flavanol cocoa drink over 1 week. Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology. 2007;49:74-80.

22 Engler MB, Engler MM, Chen CY, Malloy MJ, Browne A, Chiu EY, Kwak HK, Milbury P, Paul SM, Blumberg J, Mietus-Snyder ML. Flavonoid-rich dark chocolate improves endothelial function and increases plasma epicatechin concentrations in healthy adults. Journal of the American College of Nutrition. 2004; 23:197-204.

23 Wang-Polagruto JF, Villablanca AC, Polagruto JA, Lee L, Holt RR, Schrader HR, Ensunsa JL, Steinberg FM, Schmitz HH, Keen CL. Chronic consumption of flavanol-rich cocoa improves endothelial function and decreases vascular cell adhesion molecule in hypercholesterolemic postmenopausal women. Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology. 2006;47:S177-S186.

24 Bayard, V., F. Chamorro, J. Motta, and N.K. Hollenberg, Does flavanol intake influence mortality from nitric oxide-dependent processes? Ischemic heart disease, stroke, diabetes mellitus, and cancer in panama. Int J Med Sci, 2007. 4(1): p. 53-8.